有人研究了中国的60个主要城市，谁最适合扎根？ |保证住房_新浪财经_Sina.com

原标题：有人研究了中国的60个主要城市，谁最适合“打工者”扎根？

每次记者于瑞军

　　从1982年的657万到2019年的2.36亿，流动人口约占中国总人口的17％。

　　相比之下，在2010年的第六次全国人口普查中，流动人口达到2.21亿人，比2000年的人口普查增加了1亿人，即82.89％。 这些年来，这是农村劳动力加速转移和经济快速发展的原因。 的结果。 在2014年达到2.53亿的峰值之后，流动人口的规模开始减少。

　　下个月，第七次全国人口普查数据将向公众发布。 届时，我们将对“十四五”期间的人口格局有更清晰的认识。 无论您怎么看，更充分的劳动力流动和更高质量的人口流动对中国经济的可持续发展都具有积极意义。

　　今天，我们不妨通过最新版的《中国城市流动人口社会融合评价报告》（第2号）来了解全国60个主要城市的移民人口的社会融合水平。 ）（以下简称“报告”），请弥补差距。 缺点，是促进以人为本的新型城镇化的弊端。

　　综合得分：济南第一

　　“移民人口的社会融合可以有效地增强城市的竞争力。” 该报告的总编辑，国家卫生委员会移民人口服务中心主任肖子华在较早前接受程叔叔的采访时说，社会融合是解决中国“半城市化”问题的关键。

　　2019年1月，《中国城市流动人口社会融合评价报告》（第一号）向社会公开发布，对2017年50个城市流动人口的社会融合进行了测度。其中，厦门位居第一，呼和浩特市排在最后。[Guessyouwanttoread:Report|240millionfloatingpopulationwhatpreventsyoufromstaying?】

　　The newly released “Report” expands the scope of assessment to 60 cities, covering six megacities in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Chongqing. According to the overall score, Jinan replaced Xiamen to take the top spot, while Jinhua, Wenzhou and Taizhou were three cities from Zhejiang at the bottom.

　　The top ten social integration rankings of China’s urban migrant population in 2019 are Jinan, Chongqing, Zhuhai, Xiamen, Qingdao, Hefei, Chengdu,Ordos, Huizhou, Dalian;

　　The bottom ten cities are Sanya, Shaoxing, Lanzhou, Yulin, Urumqi, Jiaxing, Kunming, Jinhua, Wenzhou, and Taizhou.

　　On the whole, another change in the “Report” is that the evaluation index system has been further refined, focusing on public services from the four dimensions of “politics, economy, public services, and cultural psychology”, from the education of accompanying children, health, and social services. The four aspects of security and housing security have been started, clearly pointing to the “floating population’s access to basic urban public services.”

　　Liu Jinwei, deputy editor-in-chief of the report and researcher of the National Health Commission’s Migrant Population Service Center, said to Uncle Cheng that basic public services are the core content of the migrant population’s social integration, reflecting the degree of acceptance of the migrant population in terms of systems and rights.

　　“Economy is a market behavior, and cultural and psychological integration requires a process. The equalization of public services is urgently needed by the current migrant population and can be provided by the government.”

　　Judging from the evaluation results, the 60 cities have a comprehensive score of 60.87 points for public service integration, with a minimum of 42.01, a maximum of 73.65, and a standard deviation of 6.53. With 100 points as the idealized standard, there is still a certain gap in the current level.(Note: The standard deviation is a statistical indicator, reflecting the degree of dispersion of the data, the larger the value, the greater the gap between each other)

　　The “Report” believes that, on the one hand, the equalization of basic public services for the floating population has made positive progress, but there is still a certain gap compared with local citizens. Most cities are still at an elementary level. “The low integration of public services for the floating population is a kind of common case”.

　　When explaining “Jinan’s No. 1”, Liu Jinwei said that the main reason is that “there is no obvious shortcoming” and the four indicator dimensions are all high. Only Jinan and Chongqing scored more than 70 points.

　　Children’s education: the last in Beijing and Shanghai

　　In terms of sub-indices, children’s education and health scores are significantly higher than those of social security and housing security.

　　According to the analysis of the “Report”, due to the establishment of the “two-oriented” policy in the national compulsory education stage in recent years (mainly inflows, mainly public schools) and the emphasis on equalization of basic public health services, it has basically solved the problem. It addresses the issue of going to school at the stage of compulsory education for children of migrant population and the issue of access to urban basic public health services.

　　But at the same time, due to the relatively low level of overall social security participation, housing is mainly guaranteed by individuals and families, and has not been fully integrated into the urban public service system, resulting in a low overall score for the integration of public services for the floating population.

　　In terms of children’s education, the gap between cities is still obvious. The “Report” shows that cities with larger and higher proportions of floating population have more difficulty in obtaining fair education for their children. The restriction on entrance thresholds for senior high school entrance examinations and compulsory education is the main constraint.

　　In 2019, the average educational evaluation score of the children of the floating population is 76.74, the minimum is 28.59, the maximum is 93.50, and the standard deviation is 11.62. Among them, the highest-ranked Quanzhou floating population’s children’s education score (93.50) is 3.27 times that of the lowest-ranked Beijing (28.59).

　　The top ten cities are Quanzhou, Fuzhou, Wuhan, Chengdu, Dalian, Chongqing, Daqing, Tangshan, Hefei, and Harbin; the bottom ten cities are Zhaoqing, Haikou, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Foshan, Dongguan, Urumqi, Tianjin ,Shanghai Beijing.

　　It is worth noting that from the 60 assessed cities, children’s admission to kindergarten scores higher, with a score of 80.93; followed by the remote college entrance examination and the remote high school entrance examination, and finally the compulsory education enrollment, with a score of only 68.11.

　　“The scores in compulsory education and the high school entrance exam in other places are lower than the average score of education for the children of migrants (76.74), which shows that the entrance threshold of compulsory education and the restrictions on the high school entrance examination policies in different places are key factors that affect the fair education of children of migrants.”

　　Liu Jinwei told Uncle Cheng that in terms of education for the children of migrants, the two policy restrictions should be focused on breaking, so that they can not only get basic education, but also relatively high-quality and fair education.

　　Housing integration: Hefei is the best

　　Housing is one of the important signs of migrants’ integration into the city.

　　The level of housing security for the floating population not only reflects the level of local policy guarantees for the floating population, but also reflects the degree of difficulty for the floating population to obtain housing locally.

　　According to the evaluation results, the average housing security score of the floating population in 2019 is 45.17, with a standard deviation of 11. Among them, the highest ranked Hefei (67.51) is close to 3.84 times that of the lowest ranked Taizhou (17.57).

　　The “Report” believes that in terms of housing security, the floating population still rents houses in the inflow areas. The larger the city, the more difficult it is for the floating population to obtain housing.

　　For example, from the perspective of the nature of housing, the floating population mainly rents private housing by individuals, and the proportion of public housing is relatively low; from the perspective of housing purchases, the percentage of housing purchases in cities is 23.41%; from the perspective of willingness to purchase houses, Only 22.46% of the floating population plan to buy a house in the city where the inflow is located in the future.

　　According to the national dynamic monitoring data of migrant population, the average monthly total expenditure of migrant households is about 4461 yuan, and the average monthly housing expenditure of households is about 1,008 yuan. The ratio of housing expenditure to total household expenditure reaches 22.6%.

　　Liu Jinwei said that in the current environment, it is more difficult for migrants to improve their housing through their own efforts. On the one hand, they are subject to actual institutional factors. Developers prefer the development of high-end commercial housing. On the other hand, government-provided affordable housing does not cover Floating population may be difficult to apply.

　　“Insufficient market supply and the imperfect government housing system work together to make it more difficult for the floating population to own their own housing in the city.”

　　Liu Jinwei told the city that with the continuous deepening of the reform of the household registration system, the “hukou” is no longer a key factor affecting the social integration of the migrant population. “With housing, it can be said that more than half of the integration will be integrated, and their hearts will be determined. In the city.”

　　One idea is to use the idle homesteads (construction land) of the floating population in rural areas and replace them with construction land indicators in the suburbs. Then, while ensuring that the total amount of basic farmland in the country remains unchanged, build floating population purchases around large cities. Affordable affordable housing.

　　(The data and unlabeled pictures in the text are from the 2019 China Urban Floating Population Social Integration Assessment Database)

　　Reporter|Yu RuijunEditEdit|Cheng Peng Du Hengfeng Wang Jiaqi

　

Editor in charge: Li Siyang